Lithium. Cobalt. Nickel. These resources, among many others, have become essential to the modern global economy. They power everything from electric vehicles and renewable energy technologies to electronics and advanced manufacturing. Yet the supply chains behind them are far from evenly distributed, with mineral extraction concentrated in a small number of countries and China maintaining a dominant role in the processing of many critical minerals. As global demand continues to rise, governments are increasingly treating access to these resources as an issue of economic security and geopolitical influence. At the same time, many resource-rich developing countries, particularly in Africa, lack the infrastructure and financing necessary to process their own minerals and build domestic industries, while high levels of sovereign debt can further limit their ability to invest in long-term development. Foreign investment and development financing can help bridge this gap, but they can also create financial dependence and increase competition among major economic powers. Policies including export restrictions, domestic processing requirements, friendshoring, and initiatives such as China’s Belt and Road Initiative have further complicated the relationship between mineral security and economic development. The G20 must therefore consider how critical mineral supply chains can become more secure and resilient while ensuring that resource-producing countries are able to benefit from their own natural resources. Delegates will confront questions surrounding supply chain diversification, sovereign debt, development financing, environmental and labor standards, and the role of international financial institutions all the while balancing sovereignty and sustainable industrial development.